How were the city-states of northern and central italy different from the rest of europe?
they were urban, not feudal, and were based around commerce.

they had much higher standards of living and better access to health care for all.

they were subject to repeated outbreaks of epidemics, which kept populations small.

they were subject to less economic influence from the catholic church.

They were urban, not feudal, and were based around commerce. is how  were the city-states of northern and central italy different from the rest of europe but correect statment would be 'urban not rural' due to fact that italy was cover by metropolies and small towns with lack of big numebr of developed villages with agriculture therfore italy was a demanding market for food from other areas

In the late fifteenth century, a major world power that established colonies in the era of old imperialism was france or germany or spain. their colonial activity was mainly limited to america or africa or asia.