How was european exploration influenced by the ottoman empire?

a. the ottomans had begun to set up trading colonies in lands previously controlled by european nations.
b. the ottomans had an impressive naval military, which challenged european nations to develop their own navies.
c. the ottomans produced important navigational tools such as the compass and mariner's astrolabe.
d. the ottomans taxed goods coming through asia, which motivated europeans to find trade routes by sea.