Source: Alexander Keyssar, Broadening the Franchise, 2000
“[T]he disfranchised were unable to precipitate change by themselves. When the right to vote was enlarged, it happened because some men were already enfranchised…. saw themselves as having a direct interest in enlarging the electorate. One such interest was military preparedness.…[A]fter the War of 1812, many middle-class citizens concluded that extending the franchise to the ‘lower orders’ would enhance their own security and help to preserve their way of life, by assuring that such men would continue to serve in the army and the militias.…
In the South, the issue had an added twist: enfranchising all white Southerners was a means of making sure that poor whites would serve in militia patrols guarding against slave rebellions…. [And] it would contribute to white solidarity.… Economic self-interest also played a role in the expansion of the franchise…. As territories began to organize themselves into states, inhabitants of sparsely populated regions embraced white manhood suffrage…. believ[ing] that a broad franchise would encourage settlement in so doing…. stimulate economic development….”

Source: James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, The Limits of Democratic Expansion, 1997
“The expansion of the franchise for white men, however, was often accompanied by the restriction or elimination of the franchise for black men…. [T]hrough the early years of the nineteenth century… Federalist… foiled several attempts to institute racial restrictions. The War of 1812 was a turning point…. Discredited by their opposition to the war, Federalists lost control of state politics and were unable to stop Republicans… from limiting the back vote… As the roster of eligible white voters expanded in every state, …a new political grassroots style brought General Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. Political parties vied for the votes of common working people, and candidates portrayed themselves as ordinary men…. This ‘age of the common man’ was the age of the common white man, as black men… lost the franchise in many states. Party politics became a struggle between white men for the support and loyalty of other white men. Although the Jacksonians’ political ideology was populist in that it attacked a somewhat vague ‘privilege,’ [it] incorporate[ed] a growing belief in white superiority and [a] distinctly racial orientation….”

a. Briefly explain ONE major difference between Keyssar’s and James Horton’s and Lois Horton’s interpretations of the changes in voting rights.
b. Briefly explain ONE specific historical event or development from the period that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Keyssar’s argument.
c. Briefly explain ONE specific historical event or development that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support James Horton’s and Lois Hortons’s argument.