The Mexican Revolution of 1911 A. Was spurred in part by resentment against foreign businessmen, particularly those in the petroleum industry. B. Was led by a group of intellectuals and planners called cientificos. C. Began because Mexico nationalized oilfields in Mexico owned by Americans. D. All of the above.

The correct answer is D. The Mexican Revolution of 1911 was spurred in part by resentment against foreign businessmen, particularly those in the petroleum industry; it was led by a group of intellectuals and planners called cientificos; and began because Mexico nationalized oilfields in Mexico owned by Americans.

Explanation:

During the late nineteenth century Mexico was governed by Porfirio Diaz. Its presidency was characterized by the promotion of the industry and the pacification of the country. It encouraged foreign investment mainly by Americans, the French and the English. Despite the country's macroeconomic growth, relative peace and progress was achieved at the expense of the over-exploitation of the peasant and working classes, concentrating wealth, political power and access to education on a handful of landowner families.  

For the 1910 election, Porfirio Diaz decided to run for the fifth time as a candidate, but his opponent was Francisco Ignacio Madero Gonzalez, a popular and well-educated foreign-born businessman who sympathized with social reforms and liberal ideals. Diaz ordered Madero's arrest while campaigning in Monterrey, and could re-elect himself once again to the Presidency of the Republic. Madero managed to flee and exile in San Antonio, Texas, where he drafted the San Luis Plan, calling for an armed uprising to begin on November 20, 1910. Additionally, the plan declared invalid the 1910 elections, appointed Madero as provisional president, restored the natives to the lands confiscated from them, and established the principle of non-re-election (still in force in Mexico). Many intellectuals joined the movement, as were the natives headed by Emiliano Zapata in the south, and Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco in the north. On May 10, 1911 the revolutionaries took Ciudad Juarez, and Madero entered triumphantly and named his first cabinet. Diaz decided to resign from his government and went into exile in France.

Following the resignation of President Diaz, a provisional government headed by Francisco Leon was succeeded by Madero in 1911. However, two years later Madero would fall victim to a coup led by General Victoriano Huerta, in which he was killed. He had planned the coup with United States Ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, as Madero's liberal social and labor reforms affected the interests of both Americans and British who controlled the country's oil companies.

The warlords focused the fight against the new Huerta government, in a long war in which each warlord had different ideals. To stop the fight, Venustiano Carranza, governor of the state of Coahuila formed the Constitutionalist Army with the intention of pacifying the country by adopting most of the social demands made by the rebels and integrating them into a new progressive and socialist constitution. Carranza managed to capture most of the demands in the text of the Constitution of 1917. With that, the Revolution officially ended, but not the violence, which would continue for a few more years.

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