refers to the pre-Renaissance period (c.1300-1400) in Italy, and the activities of progressive painters such as Giotto (1267-1337), who pioneered the new form of figurative "realism", which was fully developed by other artists during the era.

warfare was the primary means of cultural transmission in both regions.

this act gave the federal government the power to relocate any native in the east to territory west of the mississippi river.

they were all fought in the middle east during ww1