From which country does the Arab language and ethnicity originate?

Although the Arabic language and people are found throughout the middle east its country of origin could be said to be Saudi Arabia. Although the modern political kingdom ruled by the of the House of Saud has only existed since the 1920s, the geographic area it covers can be called Arabia historically.

"a government in which power is divided between state and national levels". federalism is a system of government in which entities such and state and province, share power with the national government.

i would go with the last one