What was the primary purpose of southern implementation of black codes?
a. to authorize the use of force to implement the thirteenth amendment
b. to create standard alphabet and language for blacks to begin schooling
c. to ensure that blacks would remain landless and subservient
d. to repeal the emancipation proclamation after the civil war

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

your answer would be just capitalism.