Which best describes how reconstruction affected southern blacks?
a: reconstruction resulted in positive changes in all aspects of southern blacks' lives, including politics, education, and escaping poverty.

b: reconstruction did not affect southern blacks directly because it was aimed at reconstructing state governments, where blacks had no vote.

c: reconstruction afforded blacks freedom and voting rights, but also created an interracial struggle that often erupted in violence against blacks.

d: reconstruction affected blacks by reversing their access to education and political equality, and restricting access to economic benefit.

e: reconstruction affected blacks by creating an atmosphere in which southerners felt that blacks would outpace them in education and economics.