Cities grew rapidly during the mid-1800s due to a. immigration and the migration of rural inhabitants to urban areas. b. the growth of the middle class. c. the enriched cultural life available in cities. d. an increase in adequate public services such as police and fire protection.

a. Immigration and migration of rural inhabitants to urban areas.

Explanation:

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for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.

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