Why did the Europeans have writing?

What country was the philippines declaring independence from in this proclamation?

What role did mazzini play in italian unification? a.) he dreamed of a united italy and took the first steps to achieving it. b.) he conquered the southern part of italy, including sicily. c.) he was the first leader of a united italy. d.) he was assassinated by the french government, making him a martyr.

Pls thomas jefferson believed that the french revolution and the reign of terror, a. should be exported to the rest of europe. b. would bring the united states and britain closer together. c. we’re understandable yet regrettable responses to the excesses of french monarchy. d. we’re not particularly important developments.