The habeas corpus act of 1679 required accused criminals to be

tried before a jury of their peers.
jailed until proven innocent.
held without trial.
brought before a judge.

The correct answer is: "brought before a judge"

The Habeas Corpus Act was enacted in 1679 in England and it constituted an Act of Parliament. It aimed to prevent unlawful or arbitrary imprisonments, and ensured that a trial was celebrated, so that a person who has been arrested has the chance to prove him/herself innocent, while a court would examine and decide whether such person should be finally imprisoned or not.

porter is writing economic history because he is focusing on the cost of developing vaccines.