How did Portugal gain an advantage in trading in comparison to other European nations?

Through different methods.

Explanation:

1. Portugal's location helped them a lot, they had easy access to the Mediterranean. Their fishermen gave a lot of information on the behaviors of the Atlantic, which in turn gave the Portuguese essential knowledge on how to train their sailors, how to perform their deep sea exploration, and things to document about their history.

2. Their ships. Each of the ships they sailed gave them a better understanding of the conditions required for safe travel across water.

3. Last but not least, religion. Jewish people driven out of Spain took refuge in Portugal and spread their beliefs, which received a small degree of persecution, yet still managed to root its place in Portugal, and serve as its advantage in trading with a wider range of countries.

the tariff was created to protect industry in the northern part of the united states. industries in the north were being driven out of business by imported goods that were priced at a low rate. the goal was to protect these industries   by taxing the goods.