How were the Japanese victories against China and Russia the effects of
modernization?

no one really purchased it themselves, it was all america, they had debates etc.

copernicus finished the first manuscript of his book, "de revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres") in 1532. in it, copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the earth. he laid out his model of the solar system and the path of the planets.

i dont no the claim so it's hard to answer but i think he would go to the people to decide. : ) ; )