Read the passage from Two Treatises of Government (1690) by John Locke. This paternal, regal power being by divine right only his, it leaves no room for human prudence, or consent, to place it any where else; for if only one man hath a divine right to the obedience of mankind, no body can claim that obedience, but he that can shew that right; nor can men’s consciences, by any other pretence, be obliged to it. And thus, this doctrine cuts up all government by the roots. Which statement best explains an Enlightenment position on the divine right to rule? If only one person has the authority to rule, then no one else, even members of government, may have authority, so divine right undermines civil society. If only one person has the authority to rule, there should be no confusion about how to follow the law, so divine right supports the goals of civil society. If only one person has the authority to rule, the people will always eventually conflict with that ruler, so divine right undermines civil society. If only one person has the authority to rule, all of the public servants they appoint will act in good faith, so divine right supports the goals of civil society.

In the decision for dred scott vs.sanford, (1857) in which a slave petitioned for his freedom in a st. louis court, on the grounds that his owner had taken him into free territory, and thus he ought no longer be regarded as possessing "slave" status, but should be regarded as a free man, the court decided as follows (excerpt): "in the circuit courts of the united states, the record must show that the case is one in which by the constitution and laws of the united states, the court had jurisdiction--and if this does not appear, and the court gives judgment either for plaintiff or defendant, it is error, and the judgment must be reversed by this court--and the parties cannot by consent waive the objection to the jurisdiction of the circuit court. a free negro of the african race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a 'citizen' within the meaning of the constitution of the united states. when the constitution was adopted, they were not regarded in any of the states as members of the community which constituted the state, and were not numbered among its 'people or citizen.' consequently, the special rights and immunities guarantied to citizens do not apply to them. and not being "citizens" within the meaning of the constitution, they are not entitled to sue in that character in a court of the united states, and the circuit court has not jurisdiction in such a suit. the only two clauses in the constitution which point to this race, treat them as persons whom it was morally lawful to deal in as articles of property and to hold as slaves. since the adoption of the constitution of the united states, no state can by any subsequent law make a foreigner or any other description of persons citizens of the united states, nor entitle them to the rights and privileges secured to citizens by that instrument." why does the court say that the petitioning party in this case had no right to sue for his freedom? a) because he is too young b) because he is from a different state c) because he is "of the african race" with enslaved ancestors d) because he is, properly speaking, within his owner's jurisdiction

Select the correct answer from each 1. ( )was a nineteenth-century artistic movement that influenced nationalism in europe. it emerged as a reaction to the emphasis on 2. ( ) in enlightenment philosophy. 1. liberalism, socialism, romanticism 2. reason, emotion, religion

James ll caused problems during his reign because his religion was: protestant lutheran catholic