1. How did England govern the 13 American colonies a century and a half after Jamestown?

England used the policies of mercantilism to maintain control in the colonies. The central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country.  

Explanation:

Despite England didn't control its colonies like Portugal and Spain, the British Crown used the same polices as the Iberian Empires. Mercantilism is a mix of economical ideas and practices such as tax collection over exportation and importation, among other policies in order to maintain the control and to let the colonies know that England was close and operating. To work properly, Mercantilism should have an administrator in the colonies chosen by the Mother Country. That's the way England knew what was happening there.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

the nationalists wanted a strong central government so the new country wouldn't fall apart.

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