5. Evaluate Explanations How did the early Muslim leaders’ treatment of non-Muslims help them avoid conflict? 6. Identify Supporting Ideas Identify two reasons for the decline of the Umayyad empire and explain why these two reasons helped bring down the caliphate.

New Rule Under the Abbasid Dynasty: Text

8. Compare and Contrast How was the Abbasids’ treatment of non-Muslims similar to that of the Umayyads’? How was it different?

9. Summarize Why was Baghdad a special place under the Abbasids?

10. Determine Central Ideas What aspects of life did the Umayyad rulers bring to Spain?

Decline of the Arab Empire: Text

11. Vocabulary: Use Context Clues What do you think the word figurehead means in this sentence: “By 1055, a Seljuk sultan, or ruler, controlled Baghdad, but he kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead” ?

12. Cause and Effect Why did the Abbasid caliphates decline and eventually break up?
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