Italian city-states were important centers of . Papal control trade between Europe and Byzantine Empire agricultural markets and exchange training for military

apart from forcing jews to live in ghettos, nazis also ensure forced labour for the jews.

the quality of life in ghettos was inhuman and very unhealthy.

those who lived in ghettos died due to starvation, or at times sent to concentration camps to be killed. they were forced to work for german reich, who was responsible for overlooking the daily proceedings at the ghetto.

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

he is known for discovering   the fossil of a female hominin australopithecine   known as "lucy" in the afar triangle region of hadar, ethiopia.

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