Как было организовано население в городах? Почему власти вынуждены были считаться с позицией горожан по многим вопросам? кратко

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate

attacks by the seljuk. a devastating blow to the entire byzantine world was dealt by christian crusaders from the west. the venetians were eager to destroy byzantine power and offered the crusaders money, ships, and part of the spoils of war.

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