Which of the following was not a precedent set by George Washington?

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful

Identify and explain two specific cultural or political influences that islamic merchants had on sub-saharan africa.