The Byzantine Empire includes lands on which two continents? Why do you think large medieval cities were located along rivers?

What route might a trader from Constantinople have taken to reach the city of Hamburg?

During medieval times, overland travel was dangerous, due to physical barriers, as well as wild animals and thieves. Because of this, sea travel was preferred. Based on what you know of the physical geography of Europe, why might its people have taken advantage of this form of transportation?

Suppose invaders from northern Africa and the Middle East attacked western Europe. What body of water would they have to cross to reach lands in western Europe?

The Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire are two different empires that existed at different times in history. The Roman Empire controlled all of the land around the Mediterranean Sea, including present-day Spain and France, England, and as far as the Carpathian Mountains and the Black Sea. The Roman Empire ended around 476 C. E. The Holy Roman Empire, on the other hand, began around the year 800 C. E. How did the land areas controlled by the two empires differ?

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