The Luso-Brazilian rebellion in Pernambuco began to be waged in 1644 and exploded on June 13, 1645, the day of Santo Antônio. One of João Fernandes' first measures was to declare the debts that the rebels had with the Dutch null and void. There was great support from the “nobility of the land”, enthusiastic about this heroic proclamation. The outbreak of this revolt in 17th century Portuguese America was the result of (a)

a) warlike weakness of the Batavian Protestants.
b) West African transatlantic trade.
c) financial assistance from Flemish dealers.
d) international diplomacy of Iberian states.
e) economic interest of planters.

Correct alternative: e) economic interest of planters.

Explanation

:Attention! The answer to that question is already in the text. Note that he mentions the joy of the Luso-Brazilians in having forgiven their debts with the Dutch. Therefore, planters would once again support the Portuguese because of this economic facility.

a) WRONG. The Dutch, also known as batavos, were well armed.

b) WRONG. Trade between Africa and Brazil was not interrupted during the Dutch occupation.

c) WRONG. "Flemish" is a synonym for Dutch. In the text quoted it is clear who helped with money were the Portuguese and not the Flemish.

d) WRONG. Portugal had already separated from Spain, so there was no interest in Iberian diplomacy, only Portuguese.

the bar kochba rebellion (132-135) against the roman empire, also known as the second jewish-roman war, was the second major jewish revolt in judea and the last of the great jewish-roman wars.

after the first jewish-roman war of the years 66-73, the roman authorities took measures to crush any new attempt of rebellion in judea. his political situation was modified and instead of a prefect a governor of praetorian rank was appointed, and in the ruins of jerusalem the seat of a complete roman legion, the legio x fretensis was established.

the political and religious direction of the jewish people was left in the hands of the sanhedrin, with initial headquarters in yavne.

the direct causes of the rebellion vary according to the source. the roman historian dio cassius (155-229) attributes the revolt to the decision of hadrian to found in the place of jerusalem a roman city called aelia capitolina (aelia by its own name and capitolina in honor of the roman god jupiter). on the other hand, the jewish sources, while recognizing this resolution as true, assign higher priority to the decrees dictated by hadrian that forbade the brit milah (circumcision), the respect of the sabbath and the laws of purity in the family.

hadrian's intention was to "civilize" and incorporate the jews once and for all into the greco-roman culture. for greek and roman culture, circumcision was an intolerable mutilation.

the jewish tradition tells in the midrash tanjuma a meeting between rabbi akiva and the governor turnus rufus, where he asked for an explanation about the circumcision.

an additional legion, the legio vi ferrata, moved to the province to maintain order, and work began in the year 131 after the governor of judea, turnus rufus performed the founding ceremony of aelia capitolina. a roman coin with the inscription aelia capitolina was struck in the year 132.

the tannaim rabbi akiva, who without being named nasi directed the sanhedrin, convinced the other members to support the imminent rebellion.

the jewish leaders carefully planned the second rebellion to avoid the numerous errors that had been committed in the first one. in the year 132 the rebellion led by bar kochba quickly expanded from modiim throughout the country, defeating the x roman legion based in jerusalem and destroying the xxii roman legion that had come from egypt.

answer: the correct answer is c.

explanation: