How did the Navigation Acts affect the colonies?

1. how did manifest destiny spur nation building in the u.s.? 2. how did the idea of “the nation” begin to change? 3. how were the unifications of germany and italy similar? 4. what problems did the austro-hungarian empire have? 5. what domestic issues did england and france have?

Which points did chief justice roger b. taney use to justify the supreme court’s ruling in the dred scott case? the property clause of the constitution, the due process clause of the fifth amendment, and the fact that african americans were not citizens. the practice of judicial review established in marbury v. madison, the property clause of the constitution, and the due process clause of the fifth amendment. the necessary and proper clause of the constitution, the due process clause of the fifth amendment, and the fact that african americans were not citizens. the commerce clause of the constitution, the elastic clause of the sixth amendment, and the practice of judicial review established in gibbons v. ogden.

How do historians define the term “causation "?