Sin is:
O only
only an inward motive
only an action
both inward
motive and
action

i believe the answer is d.

after the roman empire, the catholic church began to unify by taking on many duties of a government.

necessary and proper clause. the congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof.