1. What was the difference between common languages and the official language in the Middle Ages, and how did that contribute to the growth of a new form of art? 2. What qualities did Machiavelli believe were important in a ruler?

3. What was the most important invention for spreading ideas in Renaissance Europe? Why did it have such a powerful impact?

4. What actions by Catholic priests led Martin Luther to try to reform the church?

5. Document Analysis — Use the primary source below to answer the question that follows. Write one paragraph, and use direct and short quotations or phrases from the primary source to backup your points.

TEXT: "Better take rotten apple from the hoard Than let it lie to spoil the good ones there." So with a drunken servant should it fare; It is less ill to let him go, apace, Than ruin all the others in the place. Therefore he freed and cast him loose to go His own road unto future care and woe; And thus this jolly 'prentice had his leave." —Chaucer, The Cook's Tale

QUESTION: What reasoning does the Cook use for firing his apprentice in this medieval tale?