In the early 1800s immigrants from Ireland settled in the north eastern United States resulting in A) an increase in the strength of the union army
B) there election to many government positions in the region
C) calls for immigration restrictions by wealthy industrialist
D) their competition with free African-Americans from menial jobs

D

Because even though the newly-arrived immigrants had no legal or political rights, they were often willing to work for less money than American workers. Most industrial leaders readily accepted this situation and often pushed for further relaxing immigration requirements.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts