Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in 1954 when the Supreme Court decided that - racial segregation was unconstitutional.

- segregation was necessary for "public peace and good order."

- the "separate but equal" doctrine applied to education.

- the government could not legislate equality.

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .