“Many years after his first election to the presidency, Thomas Jefferson commented that ‘the revolution of 1800’ was as ‘real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form.’ . . . For him the election of 1800 was a turning point because it marked a turning back to the true republican spirit of 1776. . . . Within the Jeffersonian framework of assumptions and beliefs, three essential conditions were necessary to create and sustain such a republican political economy: a national government free from any taint of corruption, an unobstructed access to an ample supply of open land, and a relatively liberal international commercial order that would offer adequate foreign markets for America’s flourishing agricultural surplus.” Drew R. McCoy, historian, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America, 1980
Which of the following antebellum era historical developments most directly contradicted the Jeffersonian goals expressed in the excerpt?
a. The transition towards a more participatory democracy
b. The emergence of a new national culture
c. The development of new transportation systems
d. The growth of Northern manufacturing