What were the achievements of the African empires, kingdoms, and cities before the arrival of the Europeans? Explain and evaluate these achievements.

Answer and Explanation:

The African continent was once a region of great wealth, prosperity and conquests. However, the intense, unsustainable and inhumane exploitation of Europeans put an end to all this, in addition to stimulating a view that Africa is a region without history and without triumphs.

However, this is not true. Historians prove that before the arrival of Europeans, Africans had already achieved great achievements that greatly improved the lives of the population. Among these achievements we can mention the advanced metallurgy, the efficient manufacture of many tools, engines that worked with steam and stimulated the industry, weapons of copper, glue, handling of the bar, carbon and bronze, saws, not to mention the advances in art and science.

he ottoman empire established islam as its guiding religion, government, and laws

it increase by 12% a year from 1812-1820