1. Explain the historical circumstances that led to the developments shown in the excerpt from The Communist Manifesto.

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Although you forgot to attach the excerpt or the text, doing some research we can say the following.

The historical circumstances that led to the developments shown in the excerpt from The Communist Manifesto were the following.

German intellectual and thinker Karl Marx had studied how Capitalism negatively impacted European workers. With the help of Friedrich Engles, another German thinker compiled a serious work about how Communism should be a much better alternative for workers. Marx spent some time in France, a place that was the center of socialistic ideas in that time. Then, Karl Marx took these ideas to the extreme and compiled them to write the famous document known as the "Communist Manifesto" on February 21, 1948.

c. troops marched forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons

it was douglas macarthur..