What were the black codes?

limit African american freedom

Explanation:

After Andrew Johnson became the new president, White southerners Seeking a way to control the freedmen, created distinctive law enforcing codes, These codes were called the Black codes. Following the American Civil War, Southern states in the United States implemented the Black Codes, which limited African Americans' freedom and forced them to work in a labor economy based on low salaries or debt.

a phrase from a poem by ralph waldo emerson about the battle of lexington and concord. emerson's words read, “here once the embattled farmers stood / and fired the shot heard round the world.”