Why did the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires face such great challenges to their control of the land?

!pls! 50 pts! in the first years of the united states under the constitution, the first political parties started to develop. this ran against the hopes and expectations of many people who had written the constitution. write a brief essay in which you attempt to explain why the country may have been better off without political parties.

Political rights for women grew most rapidly on the western frontier primarily because (1) the settlers were influenced by native american indian societies (2) women greatly outnumbered men in the west (3) pioneer life often required men and women to share responsibilities equally (4) immigrants settling in the west brought ideals of gender equality from europe

In western europe, under the , jews enjoyed some autonomy. then, during the post–french revolution period, was also tolerant toward the jews.