How did the Slaughterhouse Cases and United States v. Cruikshank affect the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment?

It allowed state legislatures to suspend blacks' legal and civil rights as outlined in the Constitution. The Court ruled that only states, not the U.S. government, had the right to prosecute Klansmen under the law.

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]

a stronger central government  

its what they are