Read the selection "Lincoln's Journey to Emancipation" and answer the following questions: 1. Most of us are familiar with the story of Lincoln, the unambitious rail-splitting man of the people. How
does Oates's biographical portrait of Lincoln reveal the complex human being behind this mythical image?
2. How was Lincoln able to reconcile his reverence/love for the founders and the Constitution with the
moral paradox of slavery in a free society?
3. What was the slave power that and many other feared the late 1850s? How had the events of that crucial
decade seemed to confirm their fears?
4. Oates says that the pressures and problems of fighting a civil war finally caused Lincoln to hurl an
executive fist at slavery. What were the forces that led Lincoln to issue his Emancipation Proclamation?
5. Many of Lincoln's contemporaries as well as later scholars accused Lincoln of having made an empty
gesture with the Emancipation Proclamation. How does Oates answer these accusations?

Answer

1. Abe LinColn has often been associated with mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and psychopathy, both during his lifetime and after his death. Psychiatrists and psychoanalysts who have diagnosed Lincoln as having mental disturbance include well-known figures such as Walter C. Langer and Erich Fromm. The adult Lincoln was a "counteractive type," by which he meant a person primarily motivated by resentment and revenge in response to prior narcissistic wounding and profound feelings of inferiority. Pathological narcissism is in part a compensatory defense against these painful wounds and inferiority feelings. There is no question that Lincoln's personality included pathological narcissism or what you would call psychopathic narcissism, and may have met modern diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder.

2. Abraham showed his reverence/love for founders and the Constitution in a plethora of ways. He knew that the South would do anything to mitigate the rights of African-Americans, Lincoln even said this in one of his famous speeches, "The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall". Lincoln knew that his beloved nation was at a stand fall. Abe believed the only way to get his nation out of this dogma, he would need to take charge. Another famous quote by Abraham Lincoln is, "Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world." Lincoln was a firm believer in uniting not only his nation, but the world surrounding it. Through this he would encourage unity and forgiveness for his people.

3. The extreme violence of Atlantic slavery made it a system of fear. From slaving vessels off the coast of Africa to interior regions of the American continents, masters deliberately terrorized enslaved people through whipping, family separation, and  in attempts to control them. That use of terror inadvertently sowed the seeds of masters’ own fear of their slaves. Out of self-preservation, enslaved people used subtle forms of resistance that could not easily be ascribed to them but about which masters were glancingly aware. Masters worried that in time, if poison, witchcraft, or arson did not consume them, enslaved people would answer overt violence with overt violence through insurrection. Masters erected legal and policing apparatuses whose wellspring was their own fear and that permitted them within the confines of their homes to terrorize enslaved individuals with impunity. In this system of fear, masters’ dread of insurrection often led them to use even greater brutality, such as torture, dismemberment, and burning at the stake, to assert control after rebellions or even to preemptively quash uprisings that were rumored to be coming.

4. Although Secretary of War Edwin Stanton supported it, Seward advised Lincoln to issue the proclamation after a major Union victory, or else it would appear as if the Union was giving "its last shriek of retreat". In September 1862, the Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation. Robert E. Lee near Sharps burg, Maryland, in the Battle of Antietam. Days later, Lincoln went public with the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which called on all Confederate states to rejoin the Union within 100 days—by January 1, 1863—or their slaves would be declared “thenceforward, and forever free.” From the first days of the Civil War, slaves had acted to secure their own liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically.

5. Oates had become infamous for his part in the Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas in 1854 when he and his sons, in revenge for the burning of Lawrence Kansas by a pro-slavery band, hacked to death several  men from a pro-slavery family in the dead of night. Oates had sworn an oath to break the jaw bone of slavery. Oates sought to inspire a slave revolt and failing that hoped to provoke a sectional crisis. Lincoln and the Republicans condemned the raid, but southerners claimed it was the natural result of Republican anti-slavery doctrine. While in jail, Oates transformed his image from that of “avenging angel” to sorrowful Moses. Evidence of financial abolitionist support for Stephen Oates’s raid and the sympathetic reaction in parts of the North to his execution, maddened the South. Many southerners feared that if a Republican were elected president, he would not send troops to suppress future abolitionist raids.

Explanation:

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