How were many African Americans in the South affected
after Reconstruction ended in 1877?

im Crow laws placed major restrictions on their rights

Explanation:

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

he supported the seperation of church and state. he also promoted religious tolerance.