How did Islamic Caliphates gain, consolidate, and maintain power?

The north was victorious in the battle of bull run true or false

1. what was the result of growing nationalism and pan-africanism on european-african relations? africans were encouraged to seek independence from europe. european colonialism grew and strengthened in africa. the change of power from european to african rule went smoothly. africans believed they could live peacefully with europeans.

Why is it important that dr. luther king jr. use non-violent protest to create social change?