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From 1907 to 1911 Woolley served with an archaeological expedition near Wadi Halfa, Sudan, an area rich in Egyptian antiquities. With T.E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), he conducted the principal excavation of the Hittite city of Carchemish in northern Syria (1912–14) and recorded his findings in Carchemish (part 2, 1921, and part 3, with R.D. Barnett, 1953). He then worked at Tell el-Amarna, capital of the Egyptian king Akhenaton.

His excavation of Ur (1922–34), conducted for the British Museum, London, and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, enabled scholars to trace the history of the city from its final days during the 4th century BC back to its prehistoric beginnings (c. 4000 BC). Woolley’s findings revealed much about everyday life, art, architecture, literature, government, and religion in what has come to be called “the cradle of civilization.”

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b

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answer; taking up arms to defend the nation;