Long working hours, low pay, and unsafe factory conditions gave rise to

  Formation of  labour unions

Explanation:  All of the stated conditions of low wages, poor working conditions, long working hours are the characteristics of the Industrial Revolution, especially the First Industrial Revolution.

The working conditions change significantly with the occurrence of indistrialization and urbanization due to a sudden increase in demand for labor, and so the workers found themselves in the conditions that they were still not used to, that is, on the conditions of industrial production. In such newly created conditions, relations between workers and the employer were still unregulated and employers could blackmail workers, and they had to find a way to ease their lives over time. Thus, the need for the formation of labor unions has increased, which will give favorable results for workers, and particularly increase working conditions during  the Second Industrial Revolution.

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