Was Article 231, the War Guilt Clause, necessary to include?

Which statement describes the influence of elizabeth i on england? a. her great inherited wealth made requesting funds from parliament rarely necessary, which minimized conflicts. b.her skillful use of personal advisers to communicate her wishes to parliament promoted stability. c.her clever secret diplomacy and many successful wars made her popular with the english people. d.her continuing support of english explorers in the americas brought in vast supplies of silver and gold.

Is karma the same as destiny, in the sense that everything that happens to you is predetermined? do you believe that "what goes around comes around," and if so is this the same as karma? does everyone get what they deserve, in the end?

Why was l ‘enfant dismisses from his job? what activity was it suppose to stop?me, i beg you