what contributed to the rise of artisanal (craft) culture and, in turn, the rise of cities in the tenth and eleventh centuries

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Explanation:

i believe your answer is d)

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.