How long history of democracy affected northwestern europe

All the countries in northwestern Europe are democracies. These countries include: the U.K., Ireland, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland.

Explanation:

The countries of northwestern Europe are some of the most highly developed in the world. This is in large part due to the political and economic unity.

c. troops marched forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons

the treaty of brest-litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 march 1918 between the new bolshevik government of russia and the central powers (german empire, austria-hungary, bulgaria, and the ottoman empire), that ended russia's participation in world war i.