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Haitian Revolution
What was “rational management” ?

Rational management refers to the brutal and deadly violence inflicted on slaves in Saint Domingue as a means of control by plantation owners and French authorities. By resorting to extreme violence, plantation owners compelled slaves to continue their backbreaking labor in the sugar cane and coffee fields. Violent acts such as killing a combative or resistant slave and mutilating the corpse were commonplace. Public displays such as placing heads placed on spikes outside of slave camps deterred escape, dissuaded rebellion, instilled terror, and compelled others to follow rules. Furthermore, rational management existed as part of the Code Noir, or the Black Codes, which was ratified in 1685 and defined how plantation owners were expected to treat their slaves.  Perhaps the most famous example of rational management involved a free person of color, Vincent Oge, who attempted to incite an uprising in 1790 after the ratification of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789. Oge demanded civil and political rights for Saint Domingue's free people of color but was summarily dismissed by the planters. In response, Oge resorted to violent revolt through the creation of a small and ill-equipped militia of free people of color that was quickly defeated by the planters and colonial authorities. Oge and an accomplice were brutally beaten before being placed on the wheel and left to die. Their heads were then removed and placed on stakes along the main road to set an example.

the dissolution of the soviet union[a] occurred on december 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the republics of the soviet union. it was a result of the declaration number 142-н of the supreme soviet of the soviet union.[1] the declaration acknowledged the independence of the former soviet republics and created the commonwealth of independent states (cis), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. on the previous day, december 25, soviet president mikhail gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the soviet union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers – including control of the soviet nuclear missile launching codes – to russian president boris yeltsin. that evening at 7: 32 p.m., the soviet flag was lowered from the kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary russian flag.[2]

previously, from august to december, all the individual republics, including russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the treaty on the creation of the ussr. the week before formal dissolution, 11 republics signed the alma-ata protocol formally establishing the cis and declaring that the ussr had ceased to exist.[3][4] both the revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the ussr also marked the end of the cold war.

several of the former soviet republics have retained close links with the russian federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the commonwealth of independent states, eurasian economic community, the union state, the eurasian customs union, and the eurasian economic union to enhance economic and security cooperation. on the other hand, the baltic states have joined nato and th