What gives each state two senators and representatives based on population in each state

The Connecticut Compromise.

Explanation:

The Connecticut Compromise was an agreement made during the discussions for the approval of the Constitution in 1787, whereby the most and least populated states of the nation agreed on the way in which to organize the United States Congress without any of the these groups of states have an unfair advantage over the other. Thus, a bicameral Congress was organized, with a chamber organized in an egalitarian manner (the Senate) and another in proportion to the population of each state (the House).

separate but equal was a legal doctrine in united states constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution, which guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all people. under the doctrine, as long as the facilities provided to each race were equal, state and local governments could require that services, facilities, public accommodations, housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation be segregated by race, which was already the case throughout the states of the former confederacy. the phrase was derived from a louisiana law of 1890, although the law actually used the phrase "equal but separate

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by creating a labor shortage that pushed the continent toward a market economy