1. Which two countries did not exist as unified states till the mid-1800s?

Correct answer is Germany in Italy.

Explanation:

Italy and Germany were divided into many different states.

Certain confederations were created but that didn't led to unification of these countries. Therefore in the second half of 19th Century movements for unification of these countries was one of the main issues in the European politics.

Piedmont was the state that led the unification of Italy, while Prussia was leading the unification of Germany.

julius caesar turned the roman republic into the roman empire by coming in and taking the "dictator" role during the time of a civil war (elites vs lower classes) winning battles and reputation, then declaring him dictator for life

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