The Patriot Act, which was passed by Congress following September 11th attacks Oexpanded the government's right to monitor private communications
Oestablished a "no-fly list" to prevent terrorists from boarding planes
Omade it more difficult for police to conduct searches outside the US
Olimited the powers of law enforcement officials outside the US

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

in 1862, president lincoln's emancipation proclamation opened the door for african americans to enlist in the union army. although many had wanted to join the war effort earlier, they were prohibited from enlisting by a federal law dating back to 1792.

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