According to thomas hobbes what must citizens do in exchange for protection

People give up rights and power in exchange for protection from the government. Once this happens, government cannot be questioned or changed by the citizens.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

the answer is a) high entry costs