One important social effect of the development of political machines in the late 19th century

Strengthening the power of the elites/

Explanation:

Political machines refers to the group that is dedicated to create a political situation where a small group of elite will be benefited. in return, the political machines will be given with rewards by the Elites. The reward could be money, job positions, infrastructures, etc.

Most of Political machines were funded by large business owners. The machines were created to help a certain government official to obtain the position in government. This official would be someone that will represent the business interest in the legislative process.

4 copper and gold, the california gold rush is why im pretty sure.

it refers to race, i am pretty sure this was a popular term in nazi germany or something.