In 1961, a California law made it a crime for a person to be addicted to drugs and required that they serve a minimum sentence of 90 days in jail if they are charged with the crime. Lawrence Robinson was convicted under the law and sentenced to at least 90 days in jail. Robinson claimed that the 90-day jail sentence was cruel and unusual punishment. which Amendment is being violated.

for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.

in 1803 the louisiana purchase took place, doubling the size of the country. by 1840 almost 7 million americans had migrated westward in hopes of securing land and being prosperous. the belief that settlers were destined to expand to the west is often referred to as manifest destiny.

explanation: