Write a summary of the early spread of Islam. Include these events: Muhammad’s death, the caliphs unify Arabia, Ali’s election to the caliphate, the Muslim entry into Spain, and the Battle of Tours.

Most of Arabia was under Muslim control by the time Muhammad died. After his death, later caliphs unified Arabia and expanded Islamic territory across the Middle East and North Africa. The fourth caliph was Muhammad´s son-in-law, Ali. After his death, Sunnis and shi´ah split in a dispute over who should be the next caliph.

the effects of the french revolution had a major impact on france and europe, which influenced and transformed these countries. about.com explains that the effects of the french revolution resulted in an established democratic institution, elections, constitutions and a modern government. these effects changed laws and the hierarchy of power.

according to about.com, the long-term effects of the french revolution were profound on humanity and society. the effects of the french revolution secured political and economic gains for the lower class. the french revolution shaped politics, religion and beliefs. it developed liberalism and eliminated traditional laws. the effects included counter-reaction tactics, which defeated napoleon and produced totalitarianism ideals.