How did John D. Rockefeller use horizontal expansion

John D. Rockefeller used the horizontal expansion as a way of establishing his standard oil business  by coming into agreement with railroads.

John used horizontal expansion to ensure that he had monopoly in the oil business. Horizontal expansion is a method where a business would increase its dealings in the same market or industry in order to raise market share for its products.

He bought over his competitors in the market, acquired pipelines and then he had negotiations with railroads for favorable shipping rates for his products.

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according to the map, most industrialization in europe occurred in the northwest.

the production of coal and lignite deposits was profitable throughout western europe.

the building of railroads transport goods throughout europe.

according to the map, the population trend indicates that more people are moving into cities.

northwest

coal and lignite depostis

railroads

cities