What did josé martí, luis muñoz rivera, and emilio aguinaldo have in common?

Jose, Luis, and Emilio were all revolutionists that sought for political freedom. They played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".